He promoted higher education and the industrialization in the Russian Empire. Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712. In May 1703, he founded the city of Saint Petersburg on the shore of the Neva as a "window to the West". In 1703, he introduced the first Russian newspaper, Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti, ordered the civil script, designed by himself and became the main contributor. In 1700, he introduced the Gregorian calendar but the Russian Orthodox Church was particularly resistant to this change they wanted to maintain its distinct identity and avoid appearing influenced by Catholic practices. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, Westernized, and based on radical Enlightenment. ![]() Through a number of successful wars, he captured ports at Azov and the Baltic Sea, laying the groundwork for the Imperial Russian Navy, ending uncontested Swedish supremacy in the Baltic, and beginning Russia's expansion into an empire. His methods were often harsh and autocratic. From this year, Peter was an absolute monarch who remained the ultimate authority. ![]() He reigned jointly with his half-brother Ivan V until 1696. ![]() Peter I ( Russian: Пётр I Алексеевич, romanized: Pyotr I Alekseyevich, IPA: 9 June 1672 –8 February 1725), commonly known as Peter the Great, was Tsar of all Russia from 1682, and the first Emperor of all Russia from 1721 until his death in 1725.
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